Learning Theories and Theorists (LET Review)

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Card 1. What are Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?
AnswerSensorimotor (0–2), preoperational (2–7), concrete operational (7–11) and formal operational (12 and up).
Card 2. What is Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development?
AnswerThe gap between what a learner can do alone and what they can do with guidance from someone more skilled.
Card 3. What is scaffolding?
AnswerTemporary support a teacher gives so a learner can do a task, removed step by step as the learner improves. Linked to Vygotsky.
Card 4. What theory is Erik Erikson known for?
AnswerPsychosocial development: eight life stages, each with a crisis to resolve (e.g., trust vs. mistrust).
Card 5. What are Kohlberg's three levels of moral development?
AnswerPreconventional, conventional and postconventional.
Card 6. What are the six levels of the revised Bloom's Taxonomy, lowest to highest?
AnswerRemember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, create.
Card 7. What is Howard Gardner known for?
AnswerThe theory of multiple intelligences (e.g., linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, interpersonal).
Card 8. What is operant conditioning, and who is it linked to?
AnswerLearning through rewards and punishments that make a behavior more or less likely. B.F. Skinner.
Card 9. What is classical conditioning, and who is it linked to?
AnswerLearning by pairing a neutral stimulus with one that triggers a response, as with Pavlov's dogs and the bell.
Card 10. What is Bandura's social learning theory?
AnswerPeople learn by observing and imitating others (modeling), shown in his Bobo doll experiment.

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Card 11. What are the levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, bottom to top?
AnswerPhysiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, self-actualization.
Card 12. What is Thorndike's Law of Effect?
AnswerBehaviors followed by satisfying results are more likely to be repeated.
Card 13. What is John Dewey known for in education?
AnswerLearning by doing: experience-based, hands-on learning (progressive education).
Card 14. What is Jerome Bruner known for?
AnswerDiscovery learning and the spiral curriculum, where topics are revisited at increasing depth.
Card 15. What is an advance organizer, and whose idea is it?
AnswerAn overview given before a lesson to connect new material to what students already know. David Ausubel.